LABOUR USE TYPES AND TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY AMONG SMALL-SCALE RICE FARMERS IN NIGERIA: EVIDENCE IN OBAFEMI OWODE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
Keywords:
Human labour, production efficiency, rice production, Maximum Likelihood EstimationAbstract
The limited capacity of the Nigerian rice sector to meet domestic demand has been attributed to the type of labour used, among several factors. Therefore, smallholder rice farmers' labour use type and technical efficiency (TE) in Obafemi Owode LGA, Ogun State, Nigeria, were examined. Using a well-structured questionnaire, a multistage sampling technique was used to collect data from 120 smallholder rice farmers. Data were analysed using Tobit regression and Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). The results revealed that about 81% of the rice farmers were males; 97.5% were married with a mean age of 54 years; household size of 54 years and 4 persons. SFA showed 81.0% of the farmers had TE above 0.70, with a mean of 0.78. The TE was significantly (p < 0.01) influenced by farm size (β = 0.907), labour quantity (β = 0.409) and fertilizer (β = -0.1289). Family and hired labour (β = - 0.102; p < 0.01), hired labour (β = - 0.201; p < 0.05), marital status (β = 0.115; p < 0.1), household size (β = - 0.033; p < 0.05) and years of schooling (β = - 0.013; p < 0.01) significantly affect TE. The study concludes that the type of labour used influences the TE of rice farmers and recommends mastering the right combination of hired and family labour to improve TE.
References
Abiola, M.O. Omhonlehin, R.A., Sani, T.P. 2021. Technical Efficiency of Rice Production in North Central Nigeria. Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils 8(6): 4546-4561
Adesiji, G. B., Joseph, J. K., Gunu, U., Awoyemi, A. O., Adelowo, J. Y. 2022. Contributions of rice entrepreneurial activities to sustainable livelihood assets of rice farmers in Kwara state, Nigeria. SVU-International Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4 (2): 1-9.
Ahmadu , J ., Erhabor, P. O. 2012. Determinants of technical efficiency of rice farmersin Taraba State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment 8(3):78-84.
Aigner, D., Lovell, C. K., and Schmidt, P. 1977. Formulation and estimation of stochastic frontier production function models. Journal of Econometrics 6(1): 21-37.
Akinbile, L.A., Akinwale, Ashimolowo, O.R. 2006. Determinants of Productivity level Among Rice Farmers in Obafemi-Owode Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria. Journal of New Seeds 8(4):79-90.
Ayedun B., Adeniyi A. 2019. Efficiency in Rice Production in Nigeria. Acta Scientific Nutritional Health 3(7):86-94.
Bamidele, F.S. 2010. Economic analysis of rice consumption patterns in Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 12: 1-11.
Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) 2017. Annual report published by CBN, ISSN 1597-2976.
Edet, O. G., Agbachom, E. E., Uwah, E. D. 2019. The effect of microcredit on technical efficiency of smallholder rice farmers in Ikot Ekpene agricultural zone, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences 18: 73-85.
Foyeku and Rice Millers, Importers and Distributors Association of Nigeria 2019. Nigeria Cannot Attain Self-Sufficiency In Rice Production By 2018 - Group.
Gama, E. N., Umar, M., Djomo, C. R. F. 2022. Resource-use efficiency of rice production in Kura Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology 8 (1): 131-141.
Ibitoye, S.J., Orebiyi, J.S. and Shaibu, U. M. 2012. Economic Effect of Inorganic Pesticide Use on Fadama II Rice Farming in Ibaji Local Government Area, Kogi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 15 (2):1063 – 1070.
Ismatul, H. and Andriko, N.S. 2013. Economies of Scale and Allocative Efficiency of Rice Farming at West Seram Regency, Maluku Province, Indonesia. Asian Economic and Financial Review 3(5):624-634.
Johnson, M. 2013. Assessing the potential and policy alternatives for achieving rice competitiveness and growth in Nigeria. IFPRI discussion paper 01301. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington D.C., USA.
Kadiri, F. A., Eze, C.C., Orebiyi, J. S., Lemchi, J. I., Ohajianya, D. O. and Nwaiwu, I. U. 2014. Technical Efficiency In Paddy Rice Production In Niger Delta Region Of Nigeria. Global Journal of Agricultural Research 2(2): 33-43.
Keghter, V. S., Malel, M. F., Birma, J., Tijesu, O. G., Musa, S. P., Blessing, O., and Nandom, M. 2023. Profitability and technical efficiency analysis of rice production in Quan’Pan Local Government area of Plateau State, Nigeria. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology 11(6): 1096-1105.
Khatri-Chhetri, A., Sapkota, T. B., Maharjan, S., Konath, N. C., & Shirsath, P. 2023. Agricultural emissions reduction potential by improving technical efficiency in crop production. Agricultural Systems 207: 103620.
Kusumaningsih, N. 2023. The technical efficiency of rice farming and mobile phone usage: a stochastic frontier analysis. Food Research 7(1): 93-103.
Mariko, K., Moussa, M., Li, X.., Matafwali, E., John-Philippe, E.A., Ekram, A.E. and Osewe, M.O. 2021. Stochastic Meta frontier analysis of smallholder rice farmers’ technical efficiency. Journal of Agricultural Science 11: 31–44.
Miassi, Y. E., Akdemir, Ş., Dossa, K. F., & Omotayo, A. O. (2023). Technical efficiency and constraints related to rice production in West Africa: the case of Benin Republic. Cogent Food & Agriculture 9(1), 2191881.
Mohapatra, P.K., Sahu, B.B. 2022. Botany of Rice Plant. In: Panicle Architecture of Rice and its Relationship with Grain Filling. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67897-5_2.
Msuya, E. E., Hisano, S., and Nariu, T. 2008. Explaining productivity variation among smallholder maize farmers in Tanzania. Munich Personal RePEc Article. Paper No. 14626. Kyoto University. 34pp.
Nkwazema, S. 2016. The Rice Debate: Why Nigeria Can't Meet Local Rice Production Demand. THISDAYLIVE.
Obianefo, C.A., Aguaguiyi, N. F., Umebali, E. E., Ezeano, C. I. 2019. Comparative Analysis of Rainfed and Dry Season Rice Farming in Value Chain Development Programme in Ayamelum Local Government Area- Anambra State. International Journal of Science and Research 8(7):1655-1659.
Obianefo, C.A., Nwigwe, C.A., Meludu, T.N. & Anyasie, I.C. 2020. Technical efficiency of rice farmers in Anambra State value chain development programme. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics 12: 67–74.
Odetola, P. D. and Adepoju, A. A. 2022. Assessment of Factors Influencing Commercialization of Arable Crops among the selected Smallholder Farmers in Nigeria: A Case Study of Iwo Local Government Area of Osun State. Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research 19(2):1-9
OECD/FAO 2021. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2021–2030; OECD Publishing: Paris, France. pp. 7–8
Ogundari, K. 2008. Resource-productivity, allocative efficiency and determinants of technical efficiency of rainfed rice farmers: A guide for food security policy in Nigeria. ZEMEDELSKA EKONOMIKA-PRAHA- 54(5): 224.
Ojo, T. O. and Baiyegunhi, L. J. S. 2020. Determinants of climate change adaptation strategies and its impact on the net farm income of rice farmers in south-west Nigeria. Land Use Policy 95: 103946.
Oluyole, K.A, Dada, O.A, Oni, O.A, Adebiyi, S, Oduwole O.O. 2013. Farm Labour Structure and Its Determinants among Cocoa Farmers in Nigeria. American Journal of Rural Development 1(1): 1-5.
Otto, G., Okpe, A., & Ukpere, W. 2021. Rice Production, Consumption and Economic Development in Nigeria. Annals of Spiru Haret University, Economic Series, 21(2): 181-217.
Oyetunde-Usman, Z., Olagunju, K.O. 2019. Determinants of Food Security and Technical Efficiency among Agricultural Households in Nigeria. Journal of Development Economics and Macroeconomics.7:1-13.
Panwa, E.F. 2017. Farm Labour Problems of Small-Scale Farmers: A Case Study of Some Farming Communities in Plateau State Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Sustainability. 10 (2):187-197.
PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) 2022. Boosting rice production through increased mechanization. Available at: https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/publications/boosting-rice-production-through-increased mechanisation.html
Saka, J. O., Lawal, B. O. 2009. Determinants of Adoption and Productivity of Improved Rice Varieties in South Western Nigeria. African Journal of Biotechnology 8 (19): 4923 – 4932.
Sani A., Ibrahim U., Ibrahim S. 2022. Analysis of post-harvest losses and technical efficiency of Rice farmers in Middle Rima Valley Irrigation Scheme (MRVIS), Sokoto State, Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology 8 (1):142-150.
Seidu, A. 2012. Technical Efficiency in Small Paddy Farms in Ghana: An Analysis Based on Different Farming Systems and Gender. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 3(5):91-107.
Singh, B. N. Fagade, S. Ukwungwu, M. N., Williams, C. S., Jagtap, S. S., Oladimeji, O. Efisue, A. and Okhidievbie, O. 1997. Rice Growing Environments and Biophysical Constraints in Different Agro ecological Zones of Nigeria Meteorological Journal 2 (1):35 – 44.
Ugbagbe O. O., Tahirou, A., Alpha K., Joseph M., Oyakhilomen O. 2017. Profitability and Technical Efficiency of soybean production in Northern Nigeria. Tropicultura 35: 203–14
Yiadom-Boakye, E., Owusu-Sekyere, E., Nkegbe, P. K., Ohene-Yankyera, K. 2013. Gender, resource use and technical efficiency among rice farmers in the Ashanti Region, Ghana. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development 2(3): 102-110.
