MOTIVATION AND ETHICS: CRITICAL FACTORS FOR SUSTAINABLE PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY IN NIGERIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51406/jhssca.v12i1.1858Keywords:
Ethics, Human Resource, Motivation, Nigeria, Public Service, Service DeliveryAbstract
The primary function of any government is to ensure an equitable distribution of public goods and services to its citizens. Despite the material and human resource in Nigeria, Nigerians have been short-changed by the quality of public service delivery in the country. Against this backdrop, this paper: examined the issues affecting public service delivery and demonstrated how motivation can enhance ethical behaviours among public servants. Corruption Perception Index (CPI) from year 2000 to 2016 was used to argue the position of the paper. The study discovered, among other things that certain Human Resource (HR), political and institutional factors have led to the erosion of moral conduct by public servants. While measures such as reforms and campaigns have been taken to curb political and institutional issues, limited remedial actions have been proffered to tackle that of HR. These have negatively affected public service delivery in Nigeria. Therefore, apart from putting some ethical principles in place, there is need to motivate public servants to get at their best. In addition to this, good behaviour is to be rewarded and bad behaviour is to be punished across all public services in the country, by a truly independent and incorruptible statutory body. By doing this, sanity and equitable service delivery will be achieved.
References
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Anyim, E., Ufodiama, N., Olusanya O. 2013, Ethics in Nigeria Public Sector: The HR Practitioners’ Perspective. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 2(8), 132 – 143.
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Arowolo, D. 2012. Ethics, Motivation and Performance in Nigeria’s Public Service. Journal of Public Policy and Administration Research. Retrieved from: http.www.iiste.org.
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Atiya, A., Naser N., Shebaib E, 2015. Ethical Leadership: The Effect on Employees. International Journal of Business and Management; 10(3), 108 – 116.
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Habib, N., M. 2012. The Role of Developing Countries Government in HRD Programs: The Egyptians Experience. International Journal of Business and Social Science. 3(3), 1 – 12.
Hockenburg, D.H., Hockenbury, S.C. 2010. Psychology (5th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers.
Huitt, W., Hummel, J. 1997. An Introduction to Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrievedfromhttp:www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/behsys/operant.html
Ibietan, J., Joshua. S, 2013 Ethics in the Nigerian Public Sector: A Discourse. The Public Administration and Social Policies Review, 1(10), 1 – 17.
Ikeanyibe, O., Imhanlahimi, J. 2006. Ethics Accountability and Public Service Delivery in Nigeria. Ibadan Journal of the Social Sciences, 4(2) 121-134.
Inyang, B., Akaegbu A, 2014. Redefining the Role of the Human Resource Professional (HRP) in the Nigerian Public Service for Enhanced Performance. International Journal of Business Administration, 5(1), 90 – 98.
Isimoya, O 2014 Business Ethics in Insurance Industry In Nigeria. International Journal of Management and Sustainability, 3(6), 341-359
Junaidu, M., Aminu, M. 2015. Public Service in Nigeria: An Overview of Functions and Code of Conduct. Global Journal of Politics and Law Research, 3(1), 61-69.
Kalejaiye, P., Sokefun, E., Adewusi, A. 2015. Leadership and Human Resource Development in Nigeria: Factors for national Development. The Nigerian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 13(1), 127 – 144.
Kalejaiye, P., Adeyemi, B. 2013 Job tenure, job status and employees’ attitude to work: A study of selected non-academic staff of Olabisi Onabanjo University. Nigeria. Journal of Business Management and Administration, 1 (2), 22–27
Kirfi, M., Balarebe, A., Shantali, M. 2013. Service Compact (Servicom) and Service Delivery in Nigerian Public Teaching Hospitals: A Study of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (Uduth) Sokoto. Journal of International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary, 1(6), 18-35.
Lawanson, O., Adeoye B. 2013. Public Sector Reforms: Implications for Human Resource Management in Nigeria. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 13(2), 187 – 201.
Luthans, F. 1998. Organisational Behaviour. 8th ed. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill.
Macions, J.J 2005 Sociology :Annotated Instructors Edition (5th Edition) New Jersey, Pearson Prentice Hall.
Management Study Guide 2013. Reinforcement Theory of Motivation. Retrieved on February 2nd, 2013 from http://managementstudyguide.com/reinforcement-theory-motivation.htm
Maslow, A. H. 1943. A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-96.
Maslow, A. H. 1954. Motivation and personality. New York: Harper and Row.
McLeod, S. A. 2007 Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html
Moseley, A. (2015). Egoism. Retrieved from http://www.iep.utm.edu/egoism/.
Nkwede J.O, 2013. Public Sector Restructuring and Governance in Nigeria: Perspectives, Processes and Challenges. Journal of Business and Management, 2(3), 32-44.
Nwankwo B., Obi, T., Sydney-Agbor N. 2013. Influence of Role Discretion and Shift Work on Ethical Behaviour of Nigerian Nurses. Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(4), 11 – 19.
Nwokocha, A., Uremadu, S. 2012, Public Service and Rules: Implications for Institutional Administration in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 2(3), 112- 117.
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Omisore, A., Adeleke, A. 2015 Work Ethics, Values, Attitudes and Performance in the Nigerian Public Service: Issues, Challenges and the Way Forward. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 5(1), 157 – 172.
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Osawe, C. O. 2014 Reengineering Professionalism in the Nigerian Public Service towards Service Delivery. Review of Public Administration and Management 3(6), 63 – 75.
Osifo O.C, 2012 The Effects of Ethical Governance on Public Trust: A Comparative Analysis of Anti-Corruption Policies and Procedures in Nigeria, Ghana, and Cameroon. Universitas Wasaensis.
Osuagwu, L. 2012. Conceptualization of Corruption in Business Organizations. American Journal of Contemporary Research, 2(3), 18 – 25.
Ramlall, S. 2004. A Review of Employee Motivation Theories and their Implications for Employee Retention within Organizations. The Journal of American Academy of Business, 5 (1/2), 52-63.
Robbins, S. P. 1993. Organizational Behaviours (8th edition) India: Prentice Hall.
Sundel, M., Sundel, S., 2005. Behavior change in the human services: Behavioral and cognitive principles and applications (5th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Tom, E., Biobele, B. 2015. Business Ethics and the Performance of Service Firms in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. European Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 3(2), 28-38.
Trevino, L. K. 1986. Ethical Decision making in Organization: A Person – Situation Interactionist
Turner, J. C. 1995. The Influence of Classroom Contexts on Young Children’s Motivation for Literacy. Reading Research Quarterly, 30(3), 410–441.
United Nations 2003. Economic Commission for Africa; ECA Committee of Experts of the Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
Whitton, H. 2009. Organizational Ethics Policies: a Primer. U4 Brief. http://www.u4.no/publications/organisational-ethics-policies-a-primer/
Yahaya, K. A, 2006, Strategies of Enhancing Ethics and Accountability in the Nigerian Public Service as Viewed by Accountants. Ilorin Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 11(1/2) 3 – 11.
Adegoroye 2005. Public Service Reform for Sustainable development: The Nigeria experience. Paper presented at the Commonwealth Advanced Seminar, 2006. Wellington New Zealand 20th February – 3rd March 2006.
Adesopo, A, 2013, Consolidating Nigerian Democracy: Time to Enhance Ethics and Accountability Systems of the State Bureaucratic Institution. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(15), 191 – 203
Adewusi, A.O. 2015. Renummeration ofCasual Workers in Selected Foreign-owned Manufacturing Industries in Southwest, Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Management, 7(22), 184 – 192
Agba, M., Ochimana, G., Abubakar Y. 2013. Public Service Ethics and the Fight against Corruption in Nigeria: A Critical Analysis. International Journal of Public Administration and Management Research. 2(1), 23 - 39
Ahiauzu, A.I. 1981. Cultural Influences on Workers Attitude to Unions: The case of Hausa and Ibo Workers in Nigeria. University of Aston, Management Centre, Birmingham.
Akpomuvire, M, 2003. The Impact of Rules and Regulations on Personnel Performance in the Unified Local Government Service of Nigeria. Kamla-Raj, J. Soc. Sci., 7(2): 137-148
Alexander, Moseley. Internet Encyclopedia of philosophy Retrieved from http://www.iep.utm.edu/egoism/
Aluko, Y., A. 2013. Gendered Impact of Corruption in Healthcare Service Delivery in Nigeria. The Nigerian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 11(1), 41 – 56.
Ananti M., O., umeifekwem U, 2012, Work Ethics and Productivity in Local Government System in Nigeria, Problems and Prospects. An International Multidisciplinary Journal, Ethiopia, 6(1), 24 – 32.
AniCasimir K. C, Izueke E. M., Nzekwe I. F. (2014), Public Sector and Corruption in Nigeria: An Ethical and Institutional Framework of Analysis. Open Journal of Philosophy, 4, 216-224
Anyadike, N, 2014 Politics and Ethical Standard in the Management of Public Programmes in Nigeria. Journal of Business and Management, 16(1), 89-94.
Anyim, E., Ufodiama, N., Olusanya O. 2013, Ethics in Nigeria Public Sector: The HR Practitioners’ Perspective. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 2(8), 132 – 143.
Arowolo, D., Aluko O., 2012. Democracy, Political Participation and Good Governance in Nigeria. International Journal of Development and Sustainability. 1(3), 797-809.
Arowolo, D. 2012. Ethics, Motivation and Performance in Nigeria’s Public Service. Journal of Public Policy and Administration Research. Retrieved from: http.www.iiste.org.
Asobie, A. 2001. Ethics and University administration. In: Olojede, I and Fajonyomi, S.O.(eds) Ethics and Public Accountability in Nigeria. Lagos: A-Triad Associates.
Atiya, A., Naser N., Shebaib E, 2015. Ethical Leadership: The Effect on Employees. International Journal of Business and Management; 10(3), 108 – 116.
Ayim, F., Elegbede, T., Gbajumo-Sheriff, M. 2011. Collective Bargaining Dynamics in the Nigerian Public and Private Sectors. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 1(5), 63-70.
Babbie, E 1998. What Is Research? Retrieved from personal.psu.edu.
Balogun, S.K. 2000. Ethical Issues in Research in: Odugbemi, O.O. and Oyesiku, O.O. (eds) Research Methods in the Social and Management Science, Ago-Iwoye CESAP – 580-604.
Beetseh, K., Kohol, B. 2013 Challenges of Ethics and Accountability in Nigeria Civil Service: Implication for Counseling. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. 9(2), 18-23
Besley, T., Persson, T. 2010. State Capacity, Conflict, and Development. Econometrica, 78(1), 1-34.
Chukwuebuka, C. Chidubem, C., 2011. The Political Economy of Public Service Accountability in Nigeria. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 1(4), 8 – 18.
Dorosamy, N. 2010. Enhancing an Ethical Culture through Purpose–Directed Leadership for Improved Public Service Delivery: A Case for South Africa. African Journal of Business Management, 4(1), 56-64.
Ebitu, E., Beredugo S. 2015. Business Ethics and the Performance of Service Firms in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. European Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 3(2), 28 – 38..
Ejumudo, K. B. 2013. Health Service Delivery in Nigeria: Managing the Organizational Environments. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 3(4), 35- 45.
Eketu C., Nwuche, C. 2014. Unethical Behaviour In Personal Service Delivery In Nigeria: A Case Of The Hospitality Industry.
Ezeibe, C. Iwuocha, V. 2011. The Political Economy of Public Service Accountability in Nigeria. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 1(4); 8 – 18.
Fatile, J., O. 2013. Ethics and Performance in The Nigerian Public Sector. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 2(10), 132 – 151.
Gribich, C. 1999. Qualitative Research in Health: An Introduction: Australia, Allen and Unwin.
Guay, F., Chanal, J., Ratelle, C., Marsh, H., Larose, S., Boivin, M. 2010. Intrinsic, Identified, and Controlled Types of Motivation for School Subjects in Young Elementary School Children. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(4), 711–735.
Habib, N., M. 2012. The Role of Developing Countries Government in HRD Programs: The Egyptians Experience. International Journal of Business and Social Science. 3(3), 1 – 12.
Hockenburg, D.H., Hockenbury, S.C. 2010. Psychology (5th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers.
Huitt, W., Hummel, J. 1997. An Introduction to Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrievedfromhttp:www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/behsys/operant.html
Ibietan, J., Joshua. S, 2013 Ethics in the Nigerian Public Sector: A Discourse. The Public Administration and Social Policies Review, 1(10), 1 – 17.
Ikeanyibe, O., Imhanlahimi, J. 2006. Ethics Accountability and Public Service Delivery in Nigeria. Ibadan Journal of the Social Sciences, 4(2) 121-134.
Inyang, B., Akaegbu A, 2014. Redefining the Role of the Human Resource Professional (HRP) in the Nigerian Public Service for Enhanced Performance. International Journal of Business Administration, 5(1), 90 – 98.
Isimoya, O 2014 Business Ethics in Insurance Industry In Nigeria. International Journal of Management and Sustainability, 3(6), 341-359
Junaidu, M., Aminu, M. 2015. Public Service in Nigeria: An Overview of Functions and Code of Conduct. Global Journal of Politics and Law Research, 3(1), 61-69.
Kalejaiye, P., Sokefun, E., Adewusi, A. 2015. Leadership and Human Resource Development in Nigeria: Factors for national Development. The Nigerian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 13(1), 127 – 144.
Kalejaiye, P., Adeyemi, B. 2013 Job tenure, job status and employees’ attitude to work: A study of selected non-academic staff of Olabisi Onabanjo University. Nigeria. Journal of Business Management and Administration, 1 (2), 22–27
Kirfi, M., Balarebe, A., Shantali, M. 2013. Service Compact (Servicom) and Service Delivery in Nigerian Public Teaching Hospitals: A Study of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (Uduth) Sokoto. Journal of International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary, 1(6), 18-35.
Lawanson, O., Adeoye B. 2013. Public Sector Reforms: Implications for Human Resource Management in Nigeria. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 13(2), 187 – 201.
Luthans, F. 1998. Organisational Behaviour. 8th ed. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill.
Macions, J.J 2005 Sociology :Annotated Instructors Edition (5th Edition) New Jersey, Pearson Prentice Hall.
Management Study Guide 2013. Reinforcement Theory of Motivation. Retrieved on February 2nd, 2013 from http://managementstudyguide.com/reinforcement-theory-motivation.htm
Maslow, A. H. 1943. A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-96.
Maslow, A. H. 1954. Motivation and personality. New York: Harper and Row.
McLeod, S. A. 2007 Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html
Moseley, A. (2015). Egoism. Retrieved from http://www.iep.utm.edu/egoism/.
Nkwede J.O, 2013. Public Sector Restructuring and Governance in Nigeria: Perspectives, Processes and Challenges. Journal of Business and Management, 2(3), 32-44.
Nwankwo B., Obi, T., Sydney-Agbor N. 2013. Influence of Role Discretion and Shift Work on Ethical Behaviour of Nigerian Nurses. Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(4), 11 – 19.
Nwokocha, A., Uremadu, S. 2012, Public Service and Rules: Implications for Institutional Administration in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 2(3), 112- 117.
Obono, O., Ajuwon, M., Arowojolu, A., Ogundipe, G., Yakubu, J., Falusi, A. 2006 Ethics in Research in: Olayinka A.I., Taiwo, V.O., Raji – Oyelade A. andFarai, I.P. (eds.) Methodology of Basic and Applied Research (2nd Edition) Ibadan, Postgraduate School.
Ogunrotifa, A.B. 2012. Federal civil service reform in Nigeria: The case of democratic centralism. Radix International Journal of Research in Social Sciences. 1(10). 1 - 14.
Okekecha, C. 2013. A Case Study of Corruption and Public Accountability in Nigeria. Kennesaw State University, Dissertations, Theses and Capstone Projects. Paper 566.
Omisore, A., Adeleke, A. 2015 Work Ethics, Values, Attitudes and Performance in the Nigerian Public Service: Issues, Challenges and the Way Forward. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 5(1), 157 – 172.
Onwuegbusi, M. O. 2014. Ethics and Discipline in National Life in: Aluko-Arowolo, S. (ed.) Readings in Citizenship Education and Cultural Life of Nigerians, Ago-Iwoye, Directorate of the General and Entrepreneurial Studies, OOU. 17-40.
Osawe, C. O. 2014 Reengineering Professionalism in the Nigerian Public Service towards Service Delivery. Review of Public Administration and Management 3(6), 63 – 75.
Osifo O.C, 2012 The Effects of Ethical Governance on Public Trust: A Comparative Analysis of Anti-Corruption Policies and Procedures in Nigeria, Ghana, and Cameroon. Universitas Wasaensis.
Osuagwu, L. 2012. Conceptualization of Corruption in Business Organizations. American Journal of Contemporary Research, 2(3), 18 – 25.
Ramlall, S. 2004. A Review of Employee Motivation Theories and their Implications for Employee Retention within Organizations. The Journal of American Academy of Business, 5 (1/2), 52-63.
Robbins, S. P. 1993. Organizational Behaviours (8th edition) India: Prentice Hall.
Sundel, M., Sundel, S., 2005. Behavior change in the human services: Behavioral and cognitive principles and applications (5th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Tom, E., Biobele, B. 2015. Business Ethics and the Performance of Service Firms in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. European Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 3(2), 28-38.
Trevino, L. K. 1986. Ethical Decision making in Organization: A Person – Situation Interactionist
Turner, J. C. 1995. The Influence of Classroom Contexts on Young Children’s Motivation for Literacy. Reading Research Quarterly, 30(3), 410–441.
United Nations 2003. Economic Commission for Africa; ECA Committee of Experts of the Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia;
Whitton, H. 2009. Organizational Ethics Policies: a Primer. U4 Brief. http://www.u4.no/publications/organisational-ethics-policies-a-primer/
Yahaya, K. A, 2006, Strategies of Enhancing Ethics and Accountability in the Nigerian Public Service as Viewed by Accountants. Ilorin Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 11(1/2) 3 – 11.
