PLASMID PROFILE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT BACTERIA IN SACHET WATER SAMPLES SOLD IN ABEOKUTA, SOUTHWEST, NIGERIA.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51406/jnset.v12i1.1281Keywords:
plasmids, antibiotic resistant bacteria, multiple drug resistance, potable water, ceftazidineAbstract
Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates obtained from sachet water from Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria was investigated. A total of 300 sachet water samples were collected during the dry and rainy season of 2011 to 2012. Selected physicochemical analysis of the sachet water showed a pH range of 5.5-6.5, turbidity of 1.0 –1.5 NTU and temperature of 28-300C. The mean aerobic mesophilic bacterial count of the sachet water samples ranged from 13.4 x 103 – 18.7 x 103 CFU/mL, while the mean total coliform count ranged from 0.153 - 0.163 x 103 CFU/mL. The physicochemical parameters of the sachet water samples were within the WHO standard for potable water. Bacteria isolated from sachet water samples include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, Enterobacter sp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Most of the isolates were highly sensitive to Levoxin and Ceftazidime. Plasmid analyses revealed that there were detectable plasmids in 7.1% of the 14 multi-drug resistant isolates. Cured plasmid encoded resistant isolates were susceptible to Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone, Gentamycin, Augmentin and Streptomycin.
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References
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Ahrne, S., Molin, G. and Stahl, S. 1989. Plasmids in Lactobacillus strains isolated from meat. Systematic Application of Microbiology 11: 320 – 325
AOAC, 1984 Official methods for analysis of the Association of Analytical Chemists. 14th Edition. Arlington V.A. USA
Asano, T. 2007. Water reuse: Issues, Technologies, and Applications: McGraw-Hill. New York. Pp. 35-46.
Ash, R.J. 2002. Antibiotic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria in rivers in United State of America. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8: 98-190.
Assembly of Life Sciences 1977. Drinking water and health. National Academy of Sciences. National Academy Press Washington DC, USA. 391 pages
Bauer, A.M., Kirby, W.M.M., Sherman, T.X. and Twk M 1966. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 45:493-496.
Bhalakia, N. 2006. Isolation and plasmid analysis of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Young Investigator 15(4): 15-24
Brock T.D. and Madigan, M.T.1991. Biology of Microorganisms. 6th ed. Prentice Hall Englewood Cliff, USA
CLSI 2007 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2007.Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 16th information supplement. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA.
Edberg, S.C., Rice, E.W., Karlin, R.J. and Allen, M.J. 2000. Escherichia coli: The Best Biological Drinking Water Indicator for Public Health Protection. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 88: 1068 - 1168
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Finch R.G., Greenwood D., Norrby S.R. and Whitley R.J. 2003. Antibiotic and chemotherapy: Anti-infective agents and their use in therapy. 8th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. P. 964
Hunter, P.R. 1993. The Microbiology of bottled natural water. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 74: 345 – 352
Kegley, E.S. and Andrew, J. 1998. The Chemistry of Water. 2nd edition, California University Science books. Pp: 13 – 162
Levis, A. 1993. Plasmid resistance antimicrobial agents. African Journal of Biotechnology 2: 222-224.
Liebert, C.A., Hall, R.M. and Summers A.O. 1999. Transposon Tn21, flagship of the floating genome. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 63 : 507-522.
Maniatis, T., Fritsch, E.J. and Sambrook, E.J. 1982. Molecular Cloning. A laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Lab. New York, USA.
Mckeon, D.J., Calabrae, J.P. and Bissonnette, G. J. 1995. Antibiotic resistant Gram- negative bacteria in rural groundwater supplies. Water Research 29:1902-1908.
Moe, C. and Rheingans, R. 2006. Global challenges in water, sanitation and health. Journal of Water and Health 4: 41 – 57
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards 2003. Performance standards from antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests, approved standards, 8th ed. National committee for clinical laboratory standards, Villanova, P.A. USA. NCCLS documents M2-A8. Vol. 23, No.1,
Nichol K., Zhanel, G.G. and Hoban D.J. 2003. Molecular epidemiology of penicillin-resistant and ciprofloxacin resistant Streptoccocus pneumoniae in Canada. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 47:804-808
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Pandey, S. and Musrat, J. 1993.Antibiotic resistance coliform bacteria in drinking water. Journal of Environmental Biology. 14: 267-273
Praven, S.L., Lee, R.M., Charles, W., Kasper, M., Portier, K.M. and Tamplin, M.L. 1997. Association of multiple resistance profiles with point and non-point
source of E. coli in Apalachicola bay. Applied & Environmental Microbiology 63: 2607-2612.
Pechere, J.C. 2001. Patients' interviews and misuse of antibiotics. Clinical Infectious Disease. 33 Suppl. 3: S170- 3
Petridis, H.,Kidder, G. and Ogram, A. 2002. Escherichia coli O157:H7 A Potential Health Concern. Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Florida.
Piddock, L.J.V. 2006. Clinically relevant chromosomally encoded multi drug resistance efflux pumps in bacteria. Clinical Microbiology Review 19 (2): 382 – 402.
Prescott, M., Harley, P. and Klein, D. A. 2005. Microbiology 6th Ed. McGraw-Hill. New York, U.S.A. p.910.
Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F. and Maniatis, T. 1989. Molecular cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. P. 22.
Shilklomanov, I.A. 2000. Appraisal and assessment of World Water Resources, Water International 25 (1):11-32
Scott, T.M., Salina, P., Portier, K.M., Rose, J.B., Tamplin, M.L., Farrah, S.R., Koo, A. and Lukasik, J. 2003. Geographical variation in ribotype profiles of Escherichia coli isolated from human, swine, poultry, beef and daily cattle in Florida. Applied & Environmental Microbiology. 69:1089 - 1092.
Sheng W., Chen Y., Wang J., Chang S. and Luh K. 2002. Emerging fluoroquinolone- resistance for common clinically important gram-negative bacteria in Taiwan. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 43:141–147.
Sonu, G., Rajesh, S., Mazta, S.R., Pardeep, B. and Armol, G. 2007. Bacteriological quality of water samples of tertiary care medical center campus in North Western Himalayan region of India. Internet Journal of Third World Medicine, 5:1-11.
Tambekar, D.H., Hirulkar, N.B., Kalikar, M.V., Patel, Y.S. and Gulhane, S.R. 2006. Prevalence of thermo-tolerant E.coli in drinking water and its multi-drug resistance. Research Journal of Microbiology, 1: 458 – 462.
Tolmarby, F. and Towner, K.J. 1990. Trimethoprim resistance plasmids in Escherichia coli isolated from cases of diarrhea in cattle, pigs and sheep. Journal of Applied. Bacteriology. 58: 555-561.
Webb, V. and Davies, J. 1993. Antibiotic preparations contain DNA: a source of drug resistance genes? Antimicrobial. Agents and Chemotherapy. 37: 2379–2384.
WHO, 2003. Guidelines for drinking water quality, Volume 1: 2nd edition, (World Health Organization) Press, Geneva, Switzerland.
WHO, 2004. Guidelines for drinking water quality, Volume 1: 3rd edition, (World Health Organization) Press, Geneva, Switzerland.
WHO, 2005. Water – borne disease is world’s leading killer. (World Health Organization) Press, Geneva, Switzerland.
WHO, 2006. Guidelines for Drinking water quality, Volume 1: 3rd edition, (World Health Organization) Press, Geneva, Switzerland.
Wiley J.M., Sherwood, L.M. and Wolverton C.J. 2008.Prescott, Harley, and Klein’s Microbiology. 7th edition. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.
Yagoub S.O. and Ahmed R.Y. 2009. Microbiological evaluation of the quality of tap water distributed at Khartoum State. Research Journal of Microbiology, 4: 355-360.
