GENDER-RELATED ALTERATIONS IN FREE FATTY ACIDS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN HYPERTENSION CO-MORBIDLY OCCURRING WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51406/jnset.v16i2.1885Keywords:
Free fatty acid, oxidative stress, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, genderAbstract
Increase in plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) concentrations may cause cellular damage via the induction of oxidative stress. The aim of this present study was to investigate FFAs and oxidative stress in hypertension co-morbidly occurring with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Age and sex matched control subjects (n=150) and patients (n=470) [hypertensive nondiabetics (HND, n=179), normotensive diabetics (ND, n=132), hypertensive diabetics (HD, n=159)] presenting at the Medical Out-Patient Clinic of the State Hospital, Abeokuta, Nigeria were recruited. Fasting plasma glucose, creatinine, urea, FFAs, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined spectrophotometrically. The presence of either or both diseases resulted in significant increase (p<0.05) in the plasma FFAs and oxidative stress marker-TBARS in different compartments (plasma, erythrocytes andlipoproteins) for both male and female patients when compared with their control counterparts. The increase in FFAs was more marked in comorbidity female when compared with other female patients. There was significant (p<0.05) difference in gender FFAs concentrations. In both controls and patients, FFAs in plasma are significantly (p<0.05) higher in male when compared with their female counterparts. This research revealed biochemical variations in hypertension co-morbidly occurring with T2DMcharacterised by gender-related elevation in FFAs and enhanced oxidative stress. Plasma FFAs might be a good biomarker predicting the occurrence and development of hypertension and/or T2DM.
References
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Soloni, F.G., Sardina, L.C. 1973. Colorimetric micro determination of free fatty acids. Clinical Chemistry 19(4): 419 – 424.
Yamaguchi, Y., Yoshikawa, N., Kagota, S., Nakamura, K., Haginaka, J., Kunitomo, M. 2006. Elevated circulating levels of markers of oxidative-nitrative stress and inflammation in a genetic rat model of metabolic syndrome. Nitric Oxide 15: 380 – 386.
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Zhou, H., Liu, X., Liu, L. 2009. Oxidative stress and apoptosis of human brain microvascular endothelial cells induced by free fatty acids. Journal of International Medical Research 37: 1897 - 1903.
Akamo, A.J, Ademuyiwa, O., Ojo, D.A., Talabi, O.A., Erinle, C.A., Ugbaja, R.N., Balogun, E.A. 2015. Anthropometric indicators and their correlation with hypertension comorbidly occurring with diabetes in some residents of Abeokuta Nigeria. Journal of Investigational Biochemistry 4(2): 50-57.
An, X., Yu, D., Zhang, R. 2012. Insulin resistance predicts progression of de novo atherosclerotic plaques in patients with coronary heart disease: A one-year follow-up study. Cardiovascular Diabetology11: 71 - 81.
Arnetz, L., Ekberg, N.R. and Alvarsson, M. (2014). Sex differences in type 2 diabetes: focus on disease course and outcomes. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy 7: 409 – 420.
Blaak, E.E. 2003. Fatty acid metabolism in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62: 753 - 760.
Boden, G. 2011. Obesity, insulin resistance and free fatty acids.Current opinion in endocrinology, diabetes, and obesity18: 139 - 143.
Bowden, R. 2010. Lipid levels in a cohort of sedentary university students. The internet Journal of Cardiovascular Research 10:1540-2592.
Brunk, S.D., Swanson, J.R. 1981. Colorimetric method for free fatty acids in serum validated by comparison with gas chromatography, Clinical Chemistry 27(6): 924 – 926.
Buege, J.A., Aust, S.D. 1978. Microsomal lipid peroxidation Methods. Enzymology. 52: 302 - 305.
Chinen, I., Shimabukuro, M., Yamakawa, K. 2007. Vascular lipotoxicity: Endothelial dysfunction via fatty-acid-induced reactive oxygen species overproduction in obese zucker diabetic fatty rats. Endocrinology 148: 160 - 165.
Cook, C.B., Erdman, D.M., Ryan, G.J., Greenland, K.J., Giles, W.H., Gallina, D.L., El-Kebbi, M.I., Ziemer, D.C., Ernst, K.L., Dunbar, V.G., Phillips, L.S. 2000. The pattern of dyslipidaemia among African-Americans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 3:319-324.
Du, X., Edelstein, D., Obici, S., Higham, N., Zou, M.H., Brownlee, M. 2006. Insulin resistance reduces arterial prostacyclin synthase and eNOS activities by increasing endothelial fatty acid oxidation. Journal of Clinical Investigation 116: 1071 - 1080.
Furukawa, S., Fujita, T., Shimabukuro, M., Iwaki, M., Yamada, Y., Nakajima, Y., Nakayama, O., Makishima, M,, Matsuda, M., Shimomura, I. 2004. Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. Journal of Clinical Investigation 114: 1752 - 1761.
Glew, R.H., Kassam, H.A., Bhanji, R.A., Okorodudu, A., VanderJagt, D.J. 2002. Serum lipid profiles and risk of cardiovascular disease in three different male populations in northern Nigeria. Journal of Health Population Nutrition 20: 166-174.
Grattagliano, I., Palmieri, V.O., Portincasa, P., Moschetta, A., Palasciano, G. (2008). Oxidative stress-induced risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome: a unifying hypothesis. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 19: 491 – 504.
Gruzdeva, O., Uchasova, E., Dyleva, Y. 2013. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, free fatty acids, and insulin resistance in patients with myocardial infarction. Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity6: 293 - 301.
He, L.Y., Zhau, J.F., Han, J.L., Shen, S.S., Chen, X.J. 2014. Correlation between serum free fatty acids levels and Gensini score in elderly patients with coronary heart disease. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology 11: 57 – 62.
Idogun, E.S., Unuigbe, E.P., Ogunro, P.S., Akinola, O.I., Famodu, A. A. 2007. Assessment of serum lipids in Nigerians with type 2 diabetes mellitus complications. Pakistan Journal of Medical science 23: 708-712.
Ishiyama, J., Taguchi, R., Yamamoto, A. 2010. Palmitic acid enhances lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor (LOX-1) expression and promotes uptake of oxidized LDL in macrophage cells. Atherosclerosis 209: 118 – 124.
Kautzky-Willer, A., Harreiter, J., Pacini, G. 2016. Sex and Gender Differences in Risk, Pathophysiology and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Endocrine Reviews37: 278 - 316.
Kurokawa, K., Nagami, G.T. and Yamaguchi, D.T. 1985. Transport and substrate metabolism of the kidney, in: R.K.H. Kinne (Ed.), Renal Biochemistry, Elsevier Science Publishers, pp. 175–223.
Newsholme, E.A., Start, C. 1981. Regulation in metabolism. John Wiley and Sons. Chichester, United Kingdom 124pp.
Oladapo, O.O., Salako, L., Sodiq, O., Shoyinka, K., Adedapo, K., Falase A.O. 2010. A prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors among a rural Yoruba south-western Nigerian population: a population-based survey. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa 21: 26 - 31.
Oliver, M.F. 2006. Sudden cardiac death: the lost fatty acid hypothesis. QJM international Journal of Medicine 99: 701 – 709.
Oram, J. F., Bornfeldt, K. E. 2004. Direct effects of long-chain non-esterified fatty acids on vascular cells and their relevance to macrovascular complications of diabetes. Front Biosciences. 9: 1240 – 1253.
Pilz, S., Scharnagl, H. Tiran, B., Wellnitz, B., Seelhorst, U., Boehm, B.O., Marz, W. 2007. Elevated plasma free fatty acids predict sudden cardiac death: a 6.85-year follow-up of 3315 patients after coronary angiography. European Heart Journal 28: 2763 - 2769.
Shin, M.J., Shim, E., Kang, B., Park, S., Lee, S.H., Shim, C.Y., Park, E. and Chung, N. 2009. Increased inflammation, reduced plasma phospholipid eicosapentaenoic acid and reduced antioxidant potential of treated hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome. Yonsei Medical Journal 50(6): 757-763.
Soloni, F.G., Sardina, L.C. 1973. Colorimetric micro determination of free fatty acids. Clinical Chemistry 19(4): 419 – 424.
Yamaguchi, Y., Yoshikawa, N., Kagota, S., Nakamura, K., Haginaka, J., Kunitomo, M. 2006. Elevated circulating levels of markers of oxidative-nitrative stress and inflammation in a genetic rat model of metabolic syndrome. Nitric Oxide 15: 380 – 386.
Yamato, M., Shiba, T., Yoshida, M., Ide, T., Seri, N., Kudou, W., Kinugawa, S. and Tsutsui, H. 2007. Fatty acids increase the circulating levels of oxidativestress factors in mice with diet-induced obesity via redox changes of albumin. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Journal 274: 3855 – 3863.
Zhou, H., Liu, X., Liu, L. 2009. Oxidative stress and apoptosis of human brain microvascular endothelial cells induced by free fatty acids. Journal of International Medical Research 37: 1897 - 1903.
