MICRONUTRIENT AVAILABILITY IN SOILS UNDER SAWAH RICE PRODUCTION OF INLAND VALLEYS IN NIGERIA
Keywords:
Micronutrients, sawah, inland valleys,, soil,, NigeriaAbstract
Despite the vital roles of soil micronutrients in rice production, especially in Nigeria,
where efforts are being made to increase rice production, there is little information on
micronutrient availability in lowland soils of Nigeria. This study therefore investigated
the availability of micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni and Mn) in lowland soils under sawah
in Nigeria, in order to provide basic information that can also be used as baseline data for
analysis in future investigations. Soil samples for this study were collected from all the
sawah sites in Bida, Zaria, Ilorin, Abakaliki and Akure. Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni and Mn were
extracted in DTPA-TEA solution at pH 7.3 Topsoil (0–15 cm) Cu ranged between 0.43
and 4.09 mg/kg, with an average of 1.90 mg/kg. Mn values ranged between 9.27 and
99.12 mg/kg, with an average of 52.59 mg/kg. Ni values ranged between 0.08 and 1.56
mg/kg, with an average of 0.57 mg/kg. Fe ranged between 41.41 and 451.03 mg/kg,
with an average of 199.09 mg/kg. Zn ranged between 0.07 and 5.83 mg/kg, with an
average of 1.02 mg/kg. These results indicate that soils under sawah in Nigeria are
deficient in Zn and have moderate level of Cu, Fe, Ni and Mn. Although Fe was
generally found to be moderate, Fe toxicity was observed in some sites. While the
average Zn value was 1.02 mg/kg, which is above the critical level of 0.83 mg/kg for rice
production as recommended, majority (60%) of soils under sawah had Zn values below
the critical level. Correlation analysis showed that Zn is significantly and positively
correlated with exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg, exchangeable Na, P, SiO , S, total 2
carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN), but no significant correlation was observed with
pH. Further study to investigate the roles of redox potential and pH in micronutrient
availability in soils under sawah in Nigeria is recommended.
References
Abe S. S., Oyediran G.O., Yamamoto S,
Masunaga T, Honna T. and Wakatsuki T.
0 0 7 . S o i l d e ve l o p m e n t a n d f e r t i l i t y
characteristics of inland valleys in the rain forest
zone of Nigeria: Physicochemical properties and
morphological features. Soil Science and Plant
Nutrition 53: 141–149.
Ademiluyi Y. S., Oladele I. O. and Wakatsuki
T. 2008. Socio-economic factors affecting power
tiller use among sawah farmers in Bida, Nigeria.
Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment 6(3
&4):387-390.
Akpokodje G, Lancon F. and Olaf, E. 2002.
“Nigeria's rice policy and development: A
review”. Final draft. West African Rice
Development Association, Abidjan, Côte
d'Ivoire.
Alarima C.I., Kolawole A, Fabusoro, E,
Ajulo A.A., Masunaga T and Wakatsuki T.
a. Knowledge and training needs of farmers
adopting sawah rice production technology in
Nigeria. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment
(3&4): 183-188.
Alarima C.I., Matsumoto T, Marquez F. J. D.,
Siregar A. F., Sato K, Buri M, Wakatsuki T
and Masunaga T. 2011b. Silica Availability in
lowland soils in Nigeria and Ghana. Paper
presented at the Annual meeting of Japanese
Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Held
at Tottori University, Tottori September 4, 2011.
Alarima, C. I., Busari, M. A., Awotunde J. M.,
Olaniyi, O. O., Masunaga T. and Wakatsuki,
T. (2018): Physico-chemical and Geochemical
Properties of Soils under Sawah System of
Inland Valleys in Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural
Science and Environment, 18(1 &2), 69-86.
Behera S. K., Singh M. V., Singh K. N. and
Todwal S. 2011. Distribution variability of total
and extractable zinc in cultivated acid soils of
India and their relationship with some selected
soil properties Geoderma 162: 242–250.
Bur MM, Masunaga T and Wakatsuki T.
Sulfur and zinc levels as limiting factors to
rice production in West Africa lowlands
Geoderma 94: 23–42.
Fashola O. O., Oladele, O. I., Aliyu J. and
Wakatsuki T. 2006. Dissemination of sawah
rice technology to farmers cultivating inland
valleys in Nigeria. Proceedings of the Asian
Pacific Extension Network, 6-8th March 2006,
Australia.Http://www.regional.org.au/au/apen
/2006/Refereed/5/3223_fashola.html#topofp
age (accessed on July 5, 2011).
Fu, R. H. Y., Maruyama, M, Oladele, I. O.
and Wakatsuki, T. 2009. Farmers adoption and
propensity to abandoned adoption of sawahbased
rice farming in inland valley of central
Nigeria. Journal of Food, Agriculture and
Environment 7(20): 379-382.
Hirose, S and Wakatsuki, T. 2002. Restoration
of inland valley ecosystems in West Africa. Norin
Tokei Kyokai (Association of Agriculture &
Forestry Statistics), Tokyo.
Imolehin, E. D. and Wada, A. C. 2000.
Meeting the rice production and consumption
demands of Nigeria with improved technologies.
International Rice Commission Newsletter FAO
: 33-41.
International Rice Research Institute (IRRI
0 0 1 . R i c e W e b
http://oryza.com/africa/nigeria/index.shtml
Ogasawara M. 1987. Trace element analysis of
r o c k s a m p l e s b y X - r a y fl u o r e s c e n c e
spectrometry, using Rh anode tube. Bull Geol
Sur Jpn 38(2):57–68.
Ogundele, O. O. and Okoruwa, V. O. 2006.
Technical efficiency differentials in rice
production technologies in Nigeria. AERC
Research Paper 154 African Economic Research
Consortium, Nairobi April 2006.
Ojehomon, V. E. T., Abo M. E., Ojehomon,
O and Ukwungwu, M. N. 2006. Adoption of
recommended management practices in the
lowland rice ecolog y of Nig er State,
Nigeria.TROPICULTURA 24 (2): 82-89.
Oladele, O .I. and Wakatsuki T. 2008. Social
factors affecting wetlands utilization for
agriculture in Nigeria – A case study of sawah
rice production. Rice Science 15(2):150-152.
Oladele, O. I. and Wakatsuki, T. 2010. Missing
prerequisites for green revolution in Africa:
Lessons and challenges of sawah rice ecotechnology
development and dissemination in
Nigeria and Ghana. Journal of Food, Agriculture
and Environment 8 (2): 1014-1018.
Olayemi, J. K. 1997. The Nigerian rice industry:
performance, problems and prospects. A
research report prepared for FAO, Rome.
Ponnamperuma, F. N, Cayton, M. T. and
Lantin R. S. 1981. Dilute hydrochloric acid as
extractant for zinc, copper and boron in rice.
Plant Soil 61: 297–310.
Project Co-ordinating Unit (PCU) 2002.
Crop Area Yield Survey (CAY). Federal Ministry
of Agriculture and Rural Development, Abuja.
R a n d h awa N S a n d Ta k k a r P N. 1 9 7 5 .
Micronutrient research in India. Fertilizer News
: 11–19.
Rautaray S. K., Ghosh, B. C. and Mitra, B. N.
Effect of fly ash, organic wastes, and
chemical fertilizers on yield, nutrient uptake,
heavy metal content and residual fertility in a
rice-mustard cropping sequence under acid
lateritic soil. Biores. Techn. 90: 275–283.
Tanaka A and Yoshida S. 1970. Nutritional
disorders of the rice plant in Asia. IRRI Tech.
Bull. 10, Los Ban˜os, 51 pp.
Wakatsuki, T, Shinmura, Y., Otoo, E. O.
Sawah system for integrated watershed
management of small inland valleys in West
Africa. In: FAO (Ed.): Water Report No.17,
Institutional and Technical Options in the
Development and Management of Small Scale
Irrigation, FAO, Rome, pp. 45-60.
West Africa Rice Development Association
(WARDA) 2003. Strategy for rice sector
revitalization in Nigeria. Project Report
WARDA, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, 14p.
West Africa Rice Development Association
(WARDA) & Nigerian Institute of Social
and Economic Research (NISER) 2001.
Report of the Stakeholders Workshop.
November 8–9,2001. Ibadan, Nigeria.
Yamaguchi, J. 1997. Sulfur status of rice and
lowland soils in West Africa. In: Proceedings of
the International Symposium on ''Plant
Nutrition for Sustainable Food production and
Environment'', Tokyo, Japan. pp. 813–814.
