RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS ACCUMULATION AND PREVALENCE OF PATHOGENIC MICROBES IN ORGANS OF Clarias gariepinus EXPOSED TO SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND COW DUNG CONTAMINATION
Keywords:
Clarias gariepinus, creatinine kinase, heavy metals, microbial population, nanopollution, risk assessment.Abstract
Using nanomaterials in food packaging and applying cow dung as manure can adversely impact aquatic organisms, with further consequences for human health. Thus, this study investigates metal bioaccumulation, energy requirements and health risks from consumption of Clarias gariepinus exposed to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)-cow dung contaminated water. C. gariepinus samples were exposed to clean water (control) and contaminated water with AgNPs (0.75 mg/mL), cow dung (0.75 mg/mL) and AgNPs-cow dung (0.75 mg/mL) for 10 days. Cow dung had a comparable load to the control while AgNPs dramatically reduced microbial load in water. The metal concentration of C. gariepinus gills, muscle, kidney, and liver is as follows: Na > K > Mg > Ca > Fe > Al > Zn > Mn > Cr > Cu > Ag > Ni > Pb > Cd > Co. Metal bioaccumulation was highest in the muscle and lowest in the liver. The estimated daily intake of heavy metals from C. gariepinus consumption was < 0.51, confirming safe consumption. Non-carcinogenic risks from consumption of C. gariepinus exposed to different treatments assessed with hazard index (HI) and target hazard quotients (THQ) were < 1 indicating no non-cancer adverse effects on health. However, calculated life cancer risks (LCR) were higher than the 10-4 suggesting possible carcinogenic toxicity from C. gariepinus consumption. Creatine kinase activity increased in all study groups, but only the C. gariepinus exposed to cow dung showed statistically significant alterations in energy demand. AgNPs considerably decreased the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and the bacterial population in C. gariepinus organs. These results conclude that the combination of AgNPs and cow manure posed a significant environmental hazard to the survival of C. gariepinus.
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